Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a common occurrence among adults, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of ARIs is crucial for early diagnosis and appropriate management. In this article, we will explore when to suspect an ARI in adults and outline different pathways for assessment based on initial findings.

Cough with yellow/rusty sputum: A persistent cough with discolored sputum may indicate an underlying respiratory infection.

Breathlessness: Difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath can be a sign of respiratory distress.

Pleuritic chest pain: Sharp chest pain worsened by deep breathing or coughing could suggest an infection in the respiratory system.

Malaise, myalgia, arthralgia: Generalized symptoms such as fatigue, muscle aches, and joint pain may accompany respiratory infections.

Extra-pulmonary symptoms: In some cases, respiratory infections can present with symptoms outside the lungs, such as sore throat, sinus pain, or upper respiratory tract involvement.

Vital Parameters: It is important to assess the patient's vital parameters, including sensorium, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, and oxygen saturation. Signs of respiratory failure, such as rapid respiratory rate, abdominal-thoracic paradox, cyanosis, or difficulty speaking, should be promptly addressed.

Systemic Examination:

a. Upper Respiratory Tract: Examination of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and throat can help identify potential causes of the infection, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, airway diseases, and sinus infections.

b. Lower Respiratory Tract: Listening to breath sounds and detecting any added sounds (crackles, wheezing, pleural rub) can provide valuable information about the condition of the lower respiratory tract. The presence of frank hemoptysis may suggest pulmonary tuberculosis or malignancy.

Pathways for Assessment:

Symptoms consistent with an upper respiratory infection.

No signs of lower respiratory tract involvement.

Symptomatic treatment, rest, and supportive care.

Clinical presentation suggestive of bronchitis.

Laboratory investigation: Total and differential count if sputum is purulent.

Chest X-ray to rule out other conditions.

Treatment includes symptomatic management, inhaled bronchodilators, and antibiotics if indicated.

Severity assessment using the CRB-65 score and chest X-ray.

Outpatient-based care for low-risk individuals (CRB-65 score 0-1) with targeted antibiotics.

Inpatient management for higher-risk individuals or those with severe symptoms.

Early recognition of acute respiratory infections in adults is crucial for appropriate management and prevention of complications. By being aware of the signs and symptoms, healthcare providers can determine the appropriate pathway for assessment and provide timely treatment. If you suspect an ARI, seek medical attention promptly to ensure the best possible outcome for your health.

Note: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice.