Renal and ureteric stones, also known as kidney stones, can cause significant pain and discomfort for individuals affected by them. It is important to recognize the typical presentation of renal stones and be aware of the appropriate investigations required for accurate diagnosis. Additionally, considering metabolic evaluation plays a crucial role in identifying underlying factors contributing to stone formation. In this article, we will explore how patients with renal and ureteric stones present, provide tips for ordering investigations, and emphasize the importance of metabolic evaluation for comprehensive management.

Patients with renal and ureteric stones often present with symptoms such as severe flank pain, radiating towards the groin area. This pain is commonly referred to as renal colic and is caused by the obstruction of the urinary tract by the stone. Other associated symptoms may include hematuria (blood in urine), urinary urgency, frequency, and occasionally, urinary tract infections. Suspecting renal stones is crucial when patients present with these characteristic symptoms, especially in individuals with a history of stone disease or risk factors such as a family history, dehydration, certain dietary habits, or specific medical conditions.

When evaluating patients with suspected renal stones, certain investigations are essential for accurate diagnosis and subsequent management. The following tips can guide the ordering of appropriate investigations:

X-KUB and Ultrasound: Order X-ray of the kidney, ureter, and bladder (X-KUB) and ultrasound in all patients with suspected renal stones. Approximately 90% of renal stones are visible on X-ray due to their radio-opaque nature.

Non-Contrast Computed Tomography (NCCT): In cases of acute colic, NCCT should be preferred if available. NCCT provides detailed imaging of the urinary tract and is highly sensitive in detecting even small stones. It aids in precise localization and assists in determining the appropriate treatment approach.

Intravenous Pyelography (IVP): If the stone is visualized on X-ray, obtaining an IVP may be necessary. IVP involves injecting a contrast agent into the bloodstream, which helps visualize the urinary system. It can provide additional information about the anatomy and function of the kidneys and the presence of any other abnormalities.

CT Urography: For stones that appear radiolucent (not visible on X-ray), CT urography is recommended. This imaging technique combines CT scanning with the administration of contrast to provide detailed images of the urinary tract, aiding in further treatment planning.

Metabolic evaluation is crucial in the comprehensive management of patients with renal and ureteric stones. It involves identifying underlying metabolic abnormalities that contribute to stone formation. The evaluation may include:

Stone Analysis: Analyzing the composition of the stone helps determine its type (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, etc.) and guides dietary and medical interventions.

Blood Tests: Blood tests such as serum calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and electrolyte levels help assess metabolic imbalances and underlying conditions that may contribute to stone formation.

24-Hour Urine Collection: Collecting a 24-hour urine sample allows for the measurement of various parameters such as urine volume, pH, calcium, oxalate, citrate, and uric acid levels. This information aids in identifying specific abnormalities and guiding individualized treatment plans.

Renal and ureteric stones can cause significant discomfort and require prompt diagnosis and management. Recognizing the typical presentation of renal stones, ordering appropriate investigations such as X-KUB, ultrasound, NCCT, IVP, and CT urography, and conducting metabolic evaluations are crucial steps.